Boko Haram
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| Boko Haram | |
|---|---|
|
جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad | |
| Founder | Mohammed Yusuf † |
| Leaders |
Abubakar Shekau † Abu Musab al-Barnawi |
| Dates of operation | 2002–present |
| Headquarters | |
| Active regions | Northeast Nigeria， Northern Cameroon，Niger，Chad，Mali |
| Ideology |
Salafist Jihadism Wahhabism |
| Size |
乞least 15,000 (Amnesty International claimed， January 2015)[4] 20,000 (Chad claimed， March 2015)[5] 4,000–6,000 (United States claimed， February 2015)[6] |
| Allies | Pang-bô͘:Country data Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2014–2016) |
| Opponents | |
| Battles and wars | |
| Designated as a terrorist group by | See section |
| ||||||||||||||
Boko Haram，
註解 [edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Morgan Winsor (17 April 2015). "Boko Haram in Nigeria: President Goodluck Jonathan Rejects Help from溫Forces to Fight Insurgency". International Business Times. 18 April 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jr, Philip Obaji (26 May 2015). "With Help From ISIS， a More Deadly Boko Haram Makes a Comeback". The Daily Beast. 11 September 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "We have restricted Boko Haram to Sambisa Forest – Buhari". 8 September 2015. 21 May 2016 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Boko Haram at a glance". Amnesty International. 25 January 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ "Boko Haram HQ Gwoza in Nigeria 'retaken'". BBC News. 27 March 2015.
- ↑ Hosenball, Mark (6 February 2015). "Nigeria's Boko Haram has up to 6,000 hardcore militants: U.S. officials". Reuters (ēng Eng-gí).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Bureau of Counterterrorism. "Country Reports on Terrorism 2013". U.S。 Department of State. 7 August 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Archived copy". goân-loē-iông tī 18 January 2015 hőng khó͘-pih. 2015-01-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Jonathan tasks Defence， Foreign Ministers of Nigeria， Chad， Cameroon， Niger， Benin on Boko Haram's defeat". sunnewsonline.com. goân-loē-iông tī 19 January 2015 hőng khó͘-pih.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Martin Williams. "African leaders pledge 'total war' on Boko Haram after Nigeria kidnap". The Guardian. London.
- ↑ "Chadian Forces Deploy Against Boko Haram". VOA. 16 January 2015. goân-loē-iông tī 19 January 2015 hőng khó͘-pih. 16 January 2015 khòaⁿ--ê.
延伸 閱讀 [edit]
- Abimbola Adesoji: The Boko Haram Uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria.怹: Africa Spectrum 45/2， 2010， pp. 95–108。
- Roman Loimeier: Boko Haram: TheDevelopment ofaMilitant Religious MovementinNigeria。怹: Africa Spectrum 2–3， 2012， pp. 137–155。
- Freedom C。 Onuoha: The Islamist Challenge。 Nigeria’s Boko Haram Crisis explained.怹: African Security Review 19/2， 2010， pp. 54–67。
- Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos (ed.): Boko Haram: Islamism，politics，security
安 thestateinNigeria (West African Politics and Society Series。 No。 2)。 African Studies Centre， Leiden 2014，ISBN 978-90-5448-135-5。 - J。 Peter Pham: Boko Haram: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State's West African Province.怹: The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 7(1)， 2016， pp. 1–18， doi: 10.1080/21520844.2016.1152571。
- Mike Smith: Boko Haram: Inside Nigeria's Unholy War。
伊 .B。 Tauris， London & New York 2015，ISBN 978-1-78453-074-7。 - Alexander Thurston，Boko Haram: TheHistory ofanAfrican Jihadist Movement。Princeton University Press， Princeton & Oxford 2017。
- Muhammad Sani Umar: The Popular Discourses of Salafi Radicalism and Counter-Radicalism in Nigeria: A Case Study of Boko Haram.Journal of Religion in Africa 42(2)， 2012， pp. 118–144。
- Hillary Matfess。 2017。 Women and the War on Boko Haram。 University of Chicago Press。
- Ekhomu, Ona (2020). Boko Haram: security considerations and the rise of an insurgency. Boca Raton， Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-138-56136-6.\
- Shah, Radhika. "Al-Qaeda versus Boko Haram: Ideologies， Goals， and Outcomes". International Journal of Security Studies. University of North Georgia. 1 (1). – Article 5
- Jacob， J。 U。 and Akpan，伊。 (2015)。Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackout and CounterinsurgencyinNigeria’s Northeast region， Stability: International Journal of Security & Development， 4(1):8， 1–17。 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.ey
外部 連結 [edit]
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Wikinews has news related to: |
- Diffa/Niger : Attacks by Boko Haram (as of 4 October 2015)
- "Boko Haram: Its Beginnings， Principles and Activities in Nigeria" (PDF). Kano， Nigeria: Islamic Studies Department， University of Bayero.
- Counter Extremism Project profile
- "Silencing Boko Haram: Mobile Phone Blackouts and CounterinsurgencyinNigeria's Northeast Region" by Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob & Idorenyin Akpan (March 2015)
- National Geographic，March 2015 How Northern Nigeria's Violent History Explains Boko Haram
- Country ReportsonHuman Rights Practices for 2016 United States Department of State
- ‘Thedisease is unbelief’: Boko Haram’s religious and political worldview By Alex ThurstonThe Brookings Project on U.S。 Relations with the Islamic World， January 2016
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