ISO 15919

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ISO 15919 (Huān-bûn hām siong-kuan ê Bhārat (印度 (Ìn-tōo)) bûn-jī tsuán-siá tsò Latin jī-hû) ()Kok-tsè piaut-su-huà tsoo-tsit (International Organization for Standardization) 制定 (tsè-tīng) (ê) (it)系列 (hē-lia̍t)Latin (huà)國際 (kok-tsè)標準 (piau-tsún)之一 (tsi-it)。 ISO 15919 ()2001 ()出版 (tshut-pán)使用 (sú-iōng)變音 (piàn-im)符號 (hû-hō) ()Brahmic () (hām)Nastaliq語文本 (bûn-pún)當中 (tang-tiong)閣較 (koh-khah) (tuā)輔音 (hú-im) (tsi̍p)元音 (guân-im)映射 (ìng-siā) (kàu)Latin語文本。

介術 (Kài-su̍t)[修改]

ISO 15919音譯 (im-i̍k)
ISO 7-bit
ISO
Devanagari Bengali–Assamese Gujarati Gurmukhi Kannada Malayalam Nastaliq Odia Sinhala Tamil Telugu
a a اَ
aa آ
æ ae
ǣ aee
اِ
ii اِی
u u اُ
uu اُو
ŭ ^u
,r
r̥̄ ,rr
,l
l̥̄ ,ll
e e
ee اے
^e
اَے
o o
او
^o
au au اَو
;m ں
.m
~m ں
^n
.h ہ
_h
^h
_k
k k ک
kh kh کھ
g g گ
gh gh گھ
;n ن٘
n̆g ^央
c c چ
ĉ ^c
ch ch چھ
j j ج
jh jh جھ
ñ ~n ڃ
n̆j ^nj
.t ٹ
ṭh .th ٹھ
.d ڈ
ḍh .dh ڈھ
.r ड़ ড় ڑ ଡ଼
ṛh .rh ढ़ ঢ় ڑھ ଢ଼
.n ݨ
n̆ḍ ^n.d
t t ت
th th تھ
d d د
dh dh دھ
n n ن
n̆d ^nd
p p پ
ph ph پھ
b b ب
bh bh بھ
m m م
m̆b ^mb
_r
_t
_n
_l
y y ی
;y य़ য়
r r ر
^r र्‍
l l ل
.l ਲ਼
v v و
ś ;s ਸ਼ ش
.s
s s س
h h ہ
ʼ '
q q क़ ক় ક઼ ਕ਼ ق
k͟h _kh ख़ খ় ખ઼ ਖ਼ خ
ġ .g ग़ গ় ગ઼ ਗ਼ غ
z z ज़ জ় જ઼ ਜ਼ ಜ಼ ز
f f फ़ ফ় ફ઼ ਫ਼ ಫ಼ ف
_s थ़ ث
,s स़ ص
,h ह़ ح
,t त़ ط
ʻ . ع
w w و
ž ^z झ़ ژ
_z ذ
ż ;z ض
.z ظ

(Kah)其他 (kî-thann)系統 (hē-thóng)關係 (kuan-hē)[修改]

ISO 15919是關於 (kuan-î)成濟 (tsiânn-tsē)Brahmic文字 (bûn-jī)latin化的國際標準; ()157 (ê)國家 (kok-ka)的國家標準技構 (ki-kòo)網路 (bāng-lōo)佇2001年達成 (ta̍t-sîng)一致 (it-tì)不而過 (Put-jî-kò), Hunterian音譯系統是 "Ìntōo Brahmic文字的國家latin化系統" (kap)聯閤 (Liân-ha̍p) (kok)專家 (tsuan-ka)群組 (kûn-tsoo) (tsū)ISO 15919指出 (tsí-tshut), " ()證據 (tsìng-kì)表明 (piáu-bîng)這个 (tsit-ê)系統 (teh)印度或者 (hi̍k-tsiá)國際制途 (tsè-tôo)產品 (sán-phín)當中使用."[1][2][3]

另外 (Līng-guā)一个 (tsi̍t-ê)標準 () (liân)ha̍pkok地名 (tē-miâ)latin化系統 (UNRSGN),由聯合 (liân-ha̍p) (kok)地名專家群組 (UNGEGN)[4] 制定,涵蓋 (hâm-kài)成濟Brahmic文字。

ALA-LC latin化經過 (king-kuè)美國 (Bí-kok)國會 (kok-huē)圖書館 (tôo-su-kuán)和美國國會圖書館協匯 (hia̍p-huē),是美國標準。國際範文 (huān-bûn)音譯字母 (jī-bió) (IAST) ()是一个標準 (怹為 (in-uī)規範 (kui-huān)),確是 (khak-sī)歐洲 (Au-tsiu)位著 (uī-tio̍h)范文 (Huān-bûn)音譯, (khak)毋是Brahmickhak文字轉錄 (tsuán-lio̍k)製定 (tsè-tīng)慣例 (kuàn-lē)

(Ū)一个明顯 (bîng-hián)區別 (khu-pia̍t)著是 (tio̍h-sī)兩个 (nn̄g-ê)國際標準ISO 15919和UNRSGN[5] 共anusvara音譯 ()猶閣 (iah-koh)ALA-LC 和 IAST 使用 ṃ。毋過 (M̄-koh), ISO 15919提供 (the̍h-kiong)消除 (siau-tû)國種 (kok-tsióng)肛門 (kong-bûn) (肛門) 鼻化 (phīnn-huà) (比如 (pí-jû) (tûn)鼻化 (唇鼻化) 和牙齒 (gê-khí)鼻化 (牙齒鼻化)) 之間 (tsi-kan)期議 (kî-gī)指導 (tsí-tō) ()下表 (hā-piáu) (sóo)表示 (piáu-sī)

Pang-bô͘:IllPang-bô͘:Ill比較 (pí-kàu)[修改]

下跤 (Ē-kha)的字母音表 (im-piáu)顯是 (hián-sī)ISO 15919, IAST佮UNRSGN[5] 咧范文音譯方面 (hong-bīn)差異 (tsha-ī)

Devanagari ISO 15919 IAST UNRSGN 評論 (Phîng-lūn)
ए / े e e To distinguish between long and short 'e' (in)Dravidian languages, 'e' now represents ऎ / ॆ (short)。 Note that the use of is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using efor (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e。
ओ / ो o o To distinguish between long and short 'o' 怹Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents ऒ / ॊ (short)。 Note that the use of is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using ofor (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o。
ऋ / ृ In ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent ड़
ॠ / ॄ r̥̄ For consistency with r̥
ऌ / ॢ In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent
ॡ / ॣ l̥̄ l̤̄ For consistency with l̥
◌ं ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra。 (1) 怹the simplified nasalization option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as 。(2) 怹the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal— before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n before t, th, d, dh, n; mbefore p, ph, b, bh, m. is sometimes used to specifically represent theGurmukhi tippi
ṅ ñ ṇ n m
◌ँ Vowel nasalization is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit。

字體 (Jī-thé)支持 (tsi-tshî)[修改]

根據 (Kin-kì)這个標準,干焦 (kan-na)一寡仔 (tsi̍t-kuá-á)字體支持Ìntōo語文本音譯的所有 (sóo-ū)latin Unicode字符 (jī-hû)。比如, Tahoma之持 (tsi-tshî)差不多 (tsha-put-to)所有需要 (su-iàu)的字符。 Microsoft Office 2007以及 (í-ki̍p)閣較 (kuân)版本 (pán-pún)負代 (hū-tài)的Arial和Times New Roman的字體 (pau)猶閣支持代多數 (tāi-to-sòo)latin語擴展 (khok-tián)負家 (hū-ka)字符,比如ḑ、ḥ、ḷ、ḻ、ṁ、ṅ、ṇ、ṛ、ṣ佮ṭ。

ISO 15919个輸入 (su-ji̍p)無標準起佈 (khí-pòo)布局 (pòo-kio̍k); 毋過有誠濟 (tsiânn-tsē)系統提供一種 (tsi̍t-tsióng)直觀 (ti̍t-kuan)選擇 (suán-ti̍k)Unicode字符的弘法 (hông-huat)。 ISO/IEC 14755共這款 (tsit-khuán)叫做 (kiò-tsò)營貿 (îng-bōo) (suán)ti̍kê的輸入方法 (hong-huat)

註解 (Tsù-kái)[修改]

  1. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, United Nations Publications, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5, ..。 ISO 15919 ..。 There is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products ..。 The Hunterian system is the actually used national system of romanization in India ... 
  2. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955, ..。怹India the Hunterian system is used, whereby every sound in the local language is uniformly represented by a certain letter in the Roman alphabet ... 
  3. National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960, ..。 The Hunterian system of transliteration, which has international acceptance, has been used ... 
  4. "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". www.eki.ee. 2017-02-14 khòaⁿ--ê. 
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN". Working group on Romanization systems。 www.eki.ee/wgrs/. March 2016. 13 February 2017 khòaⁿ--ê. 

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)[修改]

  • National Library at Kolkata romanisation
  • International Alphabet of Sanskrit
  • Transliteration (IAST)

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]