GLONASS

GLONASS

Country/ies of origin	Soviet Union (now Russia)
Operator(s)	Roscosmos (Russia)
Type	Military， civilian
Status	Operational
Coverage	Global
Accuracy	2.8–7.38 metres
Constellation size
Total satellites	26 (operational 22)
Satellites in orbit	24
First launch	12 October 1982
Last launch	7 July 2022
Orbital characteristics
Regime(s)	3 × MEO planes
Orbital height	19,130 km
Website	glonass-iac.ru/en

GLONASS (露西亞語: ГЛОНАСС，IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; 俄語: Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система， 音譯 Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, 直譯 'Tsuân-kiû tō-hâng uī-tsheñ hē-thóng') 是 (sī)Gôlôsu位 (uī)tsheñ導航 (tō-hâng)系統 (hē-thóng)，作為 (tsok-uî)無 (bô)suàñ-tēn tohang位tsheñ服務 (ho̍k-bū)的 (ê)一播分 (tsi̍t-pòo-hūn)運行 (ūn-hîng)。 GLONASS提供 (thê-kiong)全球 (tsuân-kiû)定位 (tīng-uī)系統 (GPS) 的替代 (thè-tāi)方案 (hong-àn)，是第 (tē)2个 (ê)咧 (teh)全球範圍 (huān-uî)內底 (lāi-té)運行而且 (lî-tshiánn)精確度 (tsing-khak-tōo)相當 (siong-tong)的導航系統。

GLONASS標準 (piau-tsún)

• ГЛОНАСС: принципы построения и функционирования / Под ред。 А。 И。 Перова， В。 Н。 Харисова。 — 3-е изд.， перераб。 — М.: Радиотехника， 2005。 — 688 с。 — 1000 экз。 — ISBN 5-93108-076-7。(俄語)
• Шебшаевич В。 С.， Дмитриев П。 П.， Иванцев Н。 В。 и др。 Сетевые спутниковые радионавигационные системы / Под ред。 В。 С。 Шебшаевича。 — 2-е изд.， перераб。 и доп。 — М.: Радио и связь， 1993。 — 408 с。 — ISBN 5-256-00174-4。(俄語)

• "GLONASS Interface Control Document， Navigational radio signal in bands L1， L2 (Edition 5.1)" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2008. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 21 October 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê. 

• "GLONASS Interface Control Document， Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band， Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS Interface Control Document， Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band， Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS Interface Control Document， Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band， Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS Interface Control Document， General description of CDMA signals， Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê. 

參考 (Tsham-khó)文 (bûn)hèn

• GLONASS Interface Control Document，Edition 5.1，2008 (backup)
• GLONASS Interface Control Document，Version 4.0，1998
• "ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА"，FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Federal Government. 2001-08-20. goân-loē-iông tī 27 September 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)". Russian Space Agency (RSA). goân-loē-iông tī 24 October 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-01-18 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS Summary". Space and Tech. goân-loē-iông tī 26 April 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS Transmitter Specifications". goân-loē-iông tī 2007-06-13 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• Goebel, Greg. "Navigation Satellites & GPS". pp. Section 2.2. goân-loē-iông tī 22 October 2018 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Agency (RSA). goân-loē-iông tī 24 October 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-01-18 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "India joins Russian GPS system". The Times of India. 2007-01-29. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites". MosNews. 2005-06-27. goân-loē-iông tī 2005-11-21 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Joint announcement (in English and Russian)". GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group. 2006-12-14. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-09-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• Kramer, Andrew E. (2007-04-07). "Russia Challenges the U.S。 Monopoly on Satellite Navigation". The New York Times. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• Miller, Keith M. (October 2000). "A Review of GLONASS". Hydrographic Society Journal (98). ISSN 0309-7846. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-10-12 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS". GPS World. 2007-01-22. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-02-10 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System怹2007". MosNews. 2007-03-26. goân-loē-iông tī 21 April 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches". MosNews. 2007-03-26. goân-loē-iông tī 21 April 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit". Space.com / Associated Press. 2007-12-25. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2008 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-12-28 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India". MosNews. 2004-01-12. goân-loē-iông tī 2005-02-07 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"". Federation of American Scientists. goân-loē-iông tī 3 April 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатноThe services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). RIA Novosti. 2007-05-18. 2007-05-18 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Agency (RSA). 2006-12-26. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-09-27 hőng khó͘-pih. 2006-12-29 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Uragan (GLONASS， 11F654)". Gunter's Space Page. 2007-01-16. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "Uragan navsat (11F654)". Russian Space Web. goân-loē-iông tī 3 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê. 
• "GLONASS News". 2007-07-31 khòaⁿ--ê. 

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)

• Pang-bô͘:Ill (俄語 (Gô-gú)lantin化 (huà)/Romanization of Russian)
• Pang-bô͘:Ill (Kugelblitz行動 (hîng-tōng)/Operation Kugelblitz)
• Pang-bô͘:Ill (Yugoslavia國家 (kok-ka)改放君 (kái-hòng-kun)和 (hām)游擊隊 (iû-kik-tuī)/Yugoslav Partisans)
• Pang-bô͘:Ill (移川子之蔵)
• Pang-bô͘:Ill

外部 (Guā-pōo)lên-ket

• Official GLONASS web page (俄語)(英語)