BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

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BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill

A Russian BM-21-1 on display in Saint Petersburg in May 2009
類型 Multiple rocket launcher
原產地 Soviet Union
服役記錄
服役期間 1963–bo̍ktsiân
使用者 SeeOperators
Tsèn爭 Sino-Soviet border conflict[1]
Vietnam War[2]
Lebanese Civil War[3]
Western Sahara War
Angolan Civil War
Somaliland War of Independence
Somali Civil War
Ogaden War
South African Border War
Uganda–Tanzania War[4]
Cambodian–Vietnamese War
Sino-Vietnamese War
Iran–Iraq War
Soviet–Afghan War[5]
Second Sudanese Civil War[6]
Gulf War
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Yugoslav Wars
War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
First Chechen War[1]
1995 Cenepa War
1999 Kargil War[7]
Second Chechen War[1]
Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
Russo-Georgian War
Cambodian–治border dispute
Bombardment of Yeonpyeong
First Libyan Civil War
Syrian civil war[1]
Northern Mali conflict
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)[8]
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
Tigray War
Russo-Ukrainian War
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
生產歷史
Set計者 Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
研發日期 1963
生產商 Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
生產日期 1963–bo̍ktsiân
製造數量 98,670+
Ên身種類 SeeVariants
基本資源 (9K51)
重量 13.71 tonnes (30,225 lb)
腸肚 7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Barrel 腸肚 3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
闊度 2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)
懸度 3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
成員 3

Caliber 122 mm
Barrels 40
Rate of fire 2 rounds/s
Muzzle velocity 690 m/s (2,264 ft/s)
Maximum firing range 0.5–52 km
Sights PG-1M panoramic telescope

E̋n-z̩引 V8 gasoline ZiL-375
180 hp (130 kW)
玄調 6×6 wheeled
運作範圍 405 km (251 mi)
上權速度 75 km/h (47 mph)

BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill (俄語 (gô-gú): БМ-21 "Град", "Grad" (ê)意思 (ì-sù) () "兵雹 (ping-pha̍uh)"; 英語 (ing-gú): BM-21 Grad) 是蘇聯 (soo-liân)設計 (siat-kè)自行色 (tsū-hîng-sik)122 Pang-bô͘:Ill多管 (to-kuán)火箭 (hué-tsìnn)發射器 (huat-siā-khì).[9] 這个 (Tsit-ê)系統 (hē-thóng) (kap)M-21OF火箭[10] (siōng) (tsá)開發 (khai-huat) ()1960年代 (nî-tāi)初期 (tshoo-kî)並且 (pīng-tshiánn)佇1969 ()3 (gue̍h) (teh) Pang-bô͘:Ill期間 (kî-kan)頭擺 (thâu-pái)實戰 (si̍t-tsiàn)使用 (sú-iōng).[11] BM代表 (tāi-piáu) "boyevaya mashina" (俄語: боевая машина – 戰車 (tsiàn-tshia)),偏名 (phian-miâ) "Grad" 的意思是 "冰雹 (Ping-pha̍uh)"。 ()BM-21運載 (ūn-tsài)火箭 (kah)M-21OF火箭組成 (tsoo-sîng)完整 (uân-tsíng)系統 (hông)指定 (tsí-tīng) (tsò)M-21野戰 (iá-tsiàn)火箭系統。完整的系統通常 (thong-siông)叫做 (kiò-tsò)Grad多管火箭發射器系統。

北約 (pak-iok) (NATO) 國家 (kok-ka),這个系統 (灣整 (uân-tsíng)系統或者 (hi̍k-tsiá)干焦 (kan-na)運載 Pang-bô͘:Ill爾爾 (niā-niā)) 上頭仔 (siōng-thâu-á)予人叫做M1964。其他 (Kî-thann) (ū) (kuí)ā的國家已經 (í-king)服制 (ho̍k-tsè)Grad或者開發類似 (luī-sū)的系統。咧Gôlôsu服役 (ho̍k-i̍k)時陣 (sî-tsūn), BM-21 Grad的預期 (ū-kî)替代品 (thè-tāi-phín)Pang-bô͘:Ill誠濟 (Tsiânn-tsē)相仝 (sio-kāng)的122 mm MLRS系統是由 (sī-iû)無仝款 (bô-kāng-khuán)的國家徛佇 (khiā-tī)BM-21 Grad (sóo)製造 (tsè-tsō)的。

註解 (Tsù-kái)[修改]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Prenatt 2016, p. 30.
  2. Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". Chū Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 pán.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. The most significant [Soviet rocket] was the 9M22M, one of the Katyusha class of 122-mm rockets. 
  3. Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973都the present. 方公: Concord Publications. p. 4. ISBN 962-361-613-9. 
  4. Cooper, 丼; Fontanellaz, Adrien (October 2016). "La guerre du Kagera". Batailles et Blindés (ēng Hoat-gí). No. 75. Caraktère. pp. 72–81. ISSN 1765-0828. 
  5. Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979–1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-9623610094. 
  6. "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998. 
  7. Singh, Jagjit (2007). "Battle-Winning Role of the Gunners in Kargil War". The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788176021807. 
  8. Yemeni fighters have firedatleast 16 Grad missiles into Saudi territories. YouTube (20 July 2015). Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  9. Splav 122 mmBM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation),Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.
  10. 122mmBM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation),Artillery rockets Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Jane's Ammunition Handbook
  11. Prenatt, Jamie (16 June 2016). Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941 Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4728-1087-8. 

參考 (Tsham-khó)文獻 (bûn-hiàn)[修改]

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)[修改]

  • International Institute for Strategic Studies
  • Soviet–Afghan War

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]

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