BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill
BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill
	; A Russian BM-21-1 on display in Saint Petersburg in May 2009
類型	Multiple rocket launcher
原產地	Soviet Union
服役記錄
服役期間	1963–bo̍ktsiân
使用者	SeeOperators
Tsèn爭	Sino-Soviet border conflict; Vietnam War; Lebanese Civil War; Western Sahara War; Angolan Civil War; Somaliland War of Independence; Somali Civil War; Ogaden War; South African Border War; Uganda–Tanzania War; Cambodian–Vietnamese War; Sino-Vietnamese War; Iran–Iraq War; Soviet–Afghan War; Second Sudanese Civil War; Gulf War; First Nagorno-Karabakh War; Yugoslav Wars; War in Abkhazia (1992–1993); First Chechen War; 1995 Cenepa War; 1999 Kargil War; Second Chechen War; Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel; Russo-Georgian War; Cambodian–治border dispute; Bombardment of Yeonpyeong; First Libyan Civil War; Syrian civil war; Northern Mali conflict; Yemeni Civil War (2014–present); Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen; 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war; Tigray War; Russo-Ukrainian War; 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
生產歷史
Set計者	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
研發日期	1963
生產商	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
生產日期	1963–bo̍ktsiân
製造數量	98,670+
Ên身種類	SeeVariants
基本資源 (9K51)
重量	13.71 tonnes (30,225 lb)
腸肚	7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Barrel 腸肚	3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
闊度	2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)
懸度	3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
成員	3
Caliber	122 mm
Barrels	40
Rate of fire	2 rounds/s
Muzzle velocity	690 m/s (2,264 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	0.5–52 km
Sights	PG-1M panoramic telescope
E̋n-z̩引	V8 gasoline ZiL-375; 180 hp (130 kW)
玄調	6×6 wheeled
運作範圍	405 km (251 mi)
上權速度	75 km/h (47 mph)

BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill (俄語 (gô-gú): БМ-21 "Град"， "Grad" 的 (ê)意思 (ì-sù)是 (sī) "兵雹 (ping-pha̍uh)"; 英語 (ing-gú): BM-21 Grad) 是蘇聯 (soo-liân)設計 (siat-kè)的自行色 (tsū-hîng-sik)122 Pang-bô͘:Ill多管 (to-kuán)火箭 (hué-tsìnn)發射器 (huat-siā-khì).^[9] 這个 (Tsit-ê)系統 (hē-thóng)佮 (kap)M-21OF火箭^[10] 上 (siōng)早 (tsá)開發 (khai-huat)佇 (tī)1960年代 (nî-tāi)初期 (tshoo-kî)，並且 (pīng-tshiánn)佇1969年 (nî)3月 (gue̍h)咧 (teh) Pang-bô͘:Ill期間 (kî-kan)頭擺 (thâu-pái)實戰 (si̍t-tsiàn)使用 (sú-iōng).^[11] BM代表 (tāi-piáu) "boyevaya mashina" (俄語: боевая машина – 戰車 (tsiàn-tshia))，偏名 (phian-miâ) "Grad" 的意思是 "冰雹 (Ping-pha̍uh)"。由 (Iû)BM-21運載 (ūn-tsài)火箭佮 (kah)M-21OF火箭組成 (tsoo-sîng)的完整 (uân-tsíng)系統皇 (hông)指定 (tsí-tīng)做 (tsò)M-21野戰 (iá-tsiàn)火箭系統。完整的系統通常 (thong-siông)皇叫做 (kiò-tsò)Grad多管火箭發射器系統。

咧北約 (pak-iok) (NATO) 國家 (kok-ka)，這个系統 (灣整 (uân-tsíng)系統或者 (hi̍k-tsiá)干焦 (kan-na)運載 Pang-bô͘:Ill爾爾 (niā-niā)) 上頭仔 (siōng-thâu-á)予人叫做M1964。其他 (Kî-thann)有 (ū)幾 (kuí)ā的國家已經 (í-king)服制 (ho̍k-tsè)Grad或者開發類似 (luī-sū)的系統。咧Gôlôsu服役 (ho̍k-i̍k)的時陣 (sî-tsūn)， BM-21 Grad的預期 (ū-kî)替代品 (thè-tāi-phín)是 Pang-bô͘:Ill。誠濟 (Tsiânn-tsē)相仝 (sio-kāng)的122 mm MLRS系統是由 (sī-iû)無仝款 (bô-kāng-khuán)的國家徛佇 (khiā-tī)BM-21 Grad所 (sóo)製造 (tsè-tsō)的。

註解 (Tsù-kái)[修改]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Prenatt 2016, p. 30.
↑ Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". Chū Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 pán.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. The most significant [Soviet rocket] was the 9M22M, one of the Katyusha class of 122-mm rockets.
↑ Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973都the present. 方公: Concord Publications. p. 4. ISBN 962-361-613-9.
↑ Cooper, 丼; Fontanellaz, Adrien (October 2016). "La guerre du Kagera". Batailles et Blindés (ēng Hoat-gí). No. 75. Caraktère. pp. 72–81. ISSN 1765-0828.
↑ Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979–1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-9623610094.
↑ "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998.
↑ Singh, Jagjit (2007). "Battle-Winning Role of the Gunners in Kargil War". The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788176021807.
↑ Yemeni fighters have firedatleast 16 Grad missiles into Saudi territories. YouTube (20 July 2015). Retrieved 2017-06-01.
↑ Splav 122 mmBM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation)，Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.
↑ 122mmBM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation)，Artillery rockets Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Jane's Ammunition Handbook
↑ Prenatt, Jamie (16 June 2016). Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941 Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4728-1087-8.

參考 (Tsham-khó)文獻 (bûn-hiàn)[修改]

Prenatt, Jamie; Ho͘k, Adam (2016). Katyusha – Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941–Present. New Vanguard 235. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4728-1086-1. (英語)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. 116. Routledge. ISBN 9781857438352. (英語)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2020). The Military Balance 2020. 120. Routledge. ISBN 9780367466398. (英語)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. (英語)
International Institute for Strategic Studies (1980). The Military Balance 1980-1981. Routledge. ISBN 0-85368-197-X. (英語)

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)[修改]

International Institute for Strategic Studies
Soviet–Afghan War

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]

佇Wikimedia Commons等的相關檔案: BM-21 Grad

122 mmMultiple Rocket Launcher (MRL) "GRAD" ontheUral-375 6×6 truck chassis – Walk around photos (英語)
Globalsecurity。org (英語)
Enemyforces。com (英語)
Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
BM-11atFAS。org (英語)
RM-70atArmy。cz (英語)
WR-40 Langustaatkrucjata。org。pl (波語)
IraqBM-21 (德語)
Полевая реактивная система М-21 (M-21 Field Rocket System) (英語)
Легкая переносная реактивная система "Град-П" (Grad-P Light portable rocket system) (英語)
Shooting battalion (strike multiple rocket launchers) YouTube (英語)
TheGrad system: Ahothail of cluster-fired rockets (英語)

[FOOTNOTEPrenatt201630-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Prenatt 2016, p. 30.

[2] Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". Chū Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 pán.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. The most significant [Soviet rocket] was the 9M22M, one of the Katyusha class of 122-mm rockets.

[3] Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973都the present. 方公: Concord Publications. p. 4. ISBN 962-361-613-9.

[4] Cooper, 丼; Fontanellaz, Adrien (October 2016). "La guerre du Kagera". Batailles et Blindés (ēng Hoat-gí). No. 75. Caraktère. pp. 72–81. ISSN 1765-0828.

[Afghan-5] Isby, David C. (1990). The War in Afghanistan 1979–1989: The Soviet Empire at High Tide. Concord Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-9623610094.

[6] "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998.

[7] Singh, Jagjit (2007). "Battle-Winning Role of the Gunners in Kargil War". The Battle-Winning Arm. Lancer Publishers LLC. ISBN 9788176021807.

[8] Yemeni fighters have firedatleast 16 Grad missiles into Saudi territories. YouTube (20 July 2015). Retrieved 2017-06-01.

[9] Splav 122 mmBM-21 multiple rocket launcher family (Russian Federation)，Multiple rocket launchers, Jane's Armour and Artillery.

[10] 122mmBM-21 Grad-series rockets (Russian Federation)，Artillery rockets Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Jane's Ammunition Handbook

[11] Prenatt, Jamie (16 June 2016). Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941 Present. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4728-1087-8.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

目錄

註解 (Tsù-kái)[修改]

參考 (Tsham-khó)文獻 (bûn-hiàn)[修改]

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)[修改]

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]

巡覽me-niú

BM-21 Grad Pang-bô͘:Ill
A Russian BM-21-1 on display in Saint Petersburg in May 2009
類型	Multiple rocket launcher
原產地	Soviet Union
服役記錄
服役期間	1963–bo̍ktsiân
使用者	SeeOperators
Tsèn爭	Sino-Soviet border conflict^[1] Vietnam War^[2] Lebanese Civil War^[3] Western Sahara War Angolan Civil War Somaliland War of Independence Somali Civil War Ogaden War South African Border War Uganda–Tanzania War^[4] Cambodian–Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Iran–Iraq War Soviet–Afghan War^[5] Second Sudanese Civil War^[6] Gulf War First Nagorno-Karabakh War Yugoslav Wars War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) First Chechen War^[1] 1995 Cenepa War 1999 Kargil War^[7] Second Chechen War^[1] Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Russo-Georgian War Cambodian–治border dispute Bombardment of Yeonpyeong First Libyan Civil War Syrian civil war^[1] Northern Mali conflict Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)^[8] Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war Tigray War Russo-Ukrainian War 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
生產歷史
Set計者	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
研發日期	1963
生產商	Splav State Research and Production Enterprise
生產日期	1963–bo̍ktsiân
製造數量	98,670+
Ên身種類	SeeVariants
基本資源 (9K51)
重量	13.71 tonnes (30,225 lb)
腸肚	7.35 m (24 ft 1 in)
Barrel 腸肚	3.0 m (9 ft 10 in)
闊度	2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)
懸度	3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
成員	3

Caliber	122 mm
Barrels	40
Rate of fire	2 rounds/s
Muzzle velocity	690 m/s (2,264 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	0.5–52 km
Sights	PG-1M panoramic telescope

E̋n-z̩引	V8 gasoline ZiL-375 180 hp (130 kW)
玄調	6×6 wheeled
運作範圍	405 km (251 mi)
上權速度	75 km/h (47 mph)

BM-21 Grad hóe-chìⁿ-phàu

註解 (Tsù-kái)[修改]

參考 (Tsham-khó)文獻 (bûn-hiàn)[修改]

參閱 (Tsham-ua̍t)[修改]

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]

巡覽me-niú

搜揣