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Malurus cyaneus (鳥囝)
化石範圍
Late Jurassic - Recent
生物學分類
介: Animalia
門: Chordata
A門: Vertebrata
(無分級) Archosauria
公: Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
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鳥仔 (Chiáu-á) ()相血 (sio-hoeh) (ē)放兩 (pàng-nn̄g) (ê)脊椎 (chek-chui)動物 (tōng-bu̍t)主要 (chú-iàu) (ê)特徵 (te̍k-teng) (ū) (ú) (feather),有 (chò) (si̍t)用的 (iōng--ê)前臂 (chêng-pì) (forelimb),一般 (it-poaⁿ)空心 (khang-sim)骨頭 (kut-thâu)鳥類 (Chiáu-lūi) (siōng) ()可比 (khó-pí)拳頭母 (kûn-thâu-bú) (蜂刺 (phang-chhek)/hummingbird), (siōng) (toā)親像 (chhan-chhiūⁿ)籃球 (nâ-kiû)球員 (kiû-oân) (鴕鳥 (tô-chiáu)Emu) (hiah) ()

分類 (Hun-lūi) (kap)進化 (chìn-hòa)[修改]

(Chiàu)Jacques Gauthier研究 (gián-kiù),鳥類有4 (khoán)予二 (hō͘-siōng)衝突 (chhiong-tu̍t)定義 (tēng-gī).[1] (Chêng)3 (hāng) (khah)問題 (būn-tê)的定義, (chia)4項分別 (hun-pia̍t)是:

  1. 鳥類是主龍類 (chú-liông-lūi) (archosaur) 內面 (lāi-bīn)羽毛 (ú-mô͘)新進者 (sin-chìn-chiá)
  2. 鳥類是會當 (ē-tàng)飛的 (poe--ê)
  3. 焦類 (Chiau-lūi)所有 (só͘-ū) (óa) (chiáu) ()鱷魚 (kho̍k-hî)的。
  4. 鳥類是所有現存 (hiān-chûn)鳥仔佮怹後世 (āu-sì)共同 (kiōng-tông)祖煎 (chó͘-chian)

()4項是 (chi̍t)款Gauthier提出 (thê-chhut)的分類定義:

學界 (Ha̍k-kài) (tùi)鳥類無原全 (goân-choân)一致 (it-tì)的分類。Charles SibleyJon Ahlquist (1990 ()) 的鳥的分類 (Hūn-lūi)系統論 (Hē-thóng-lūn) (Phylogeny and Classification of Birds) 是對鳥類分類的中要 (tiòng-iàu)植作 (tì-chok).[2] 照一般證據 (chèng-kù)怹的 (in-ê) (bo̍k)是予人認為 (jīn-ûi)正確的 (chèng-khak--ê),[3] 總是 (chóng--sī) (chi) (kan)關係 (koan-hē) () (koh) (siū)學者 (ha̍k-chiá)爭論 (cheng-lūn)

下底 (Ē-té)是對現代 (hiān-tāi)鳥類根據 (kun-kù)Jarvis, E.D。 et al。 (2014) 對48个代表 (tāi-piáu)物種 (bu̍t-chéng) (choân)為瘓體 (ûi-thoán-thé)定事 (tēng-sū) (whole genome sequencing) 研究[4]部分 (pō͘-hūn)Yury, T。 et al。 (2013) [5] 自料 (chū-liāu)製造 (chè-chō)的一款親灣 (chhin-oân)關係 (tô͘):


Palaeognathae

Struthioniformes (鴕鳥)Cuvier-67 Autruche d'Afrique.jpg


Notopalaeognathae

Rheiformes (rheas)Cuvier-67 Nandou d'Amérique.jpg





Dinornithiformes (moas)80 px




Lithornithiformes



Tinamiformes (tinamous)NothuraDarwiniiSmit white background.jpg




Novaeratitae

Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries)Cayley Casuarius casuarius flipped.jpg




Apterygiformes (kiwi)The genera of birds (white background).jpg



Aepyornithiformes (像鳥)Aepyornis white background.jpg







Neognathae
Galloanserae

Galliformes (chicken, grouse, turkeys, etc.)Red Junglefowl by George Edward Lodge white background.png


Odontoanserae

Pelagornithidae


Anserimorphae

GastornithiformesGastornis 1917 white background.jpg



Anseriformes (矣,鵝,佮天鵝)Cuvier-97-Canard colvert.jpg





Neoaves
Columbea
Mirandornithes

Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)Cuvier-87-Flamant rouge.jpg



Podicipediformes (grebes)Podiceps cristatus Naumann white background.jpg



Columbimorphae

Columbiformes (粉鳥佮dodo)Meyers grosses Konversations-Lexikon - ein Nachschlagewerk des allgemeinen Wissens (1908) (Antwerpener Breiftaube).jpgDidus cucullatus white background.jpg




Mesitornithiformes (mesites)Monias benschi 1912 white background.jpg



Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses)Pterocles quadricinctus white background.jpg





Passerea


Cypselomorphae (hummingbirds, swifts)Haaksnavelkolibrie.jpg


Otidimorphae

Cuculiformes (cuckoos)British birds in their haunts (Cuculus canorus).jpg




Otidiformes (bustards)Cayley Ardeotis australis flipped.jpg



Musophagiformes (turacos)Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle (1765) (Tauraco persa).jpg








Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin)Cuvier-59-Hoazin huppé.jpg


Cursorimorphae

Gruiformes (rails and cranes)Cuvier-72-Grue cendrée.jpg



Charadriiformes (gulls, auks, shorebirds, waders)D'Orbigny-Mouette rieuse et Bec-en-ciseaux white background.jpg







Aequornithes (loons,徛厄, herons, pelicans, storks, etc)Cuvier-90-Manchot du Cap.jpgCuvier-75-Cigogne blanche.jpg


Eurypygimorphae

Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu)Cuvier-72-Caurale soleil.jpg



Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds)Cuvier-95-Phaeton à bec rouge.jpg




Telluraves
Afroaves
Accipitrimorphae

Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures)Vintage Vulture Drawing white background.jpg



Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, Old World vultures etc.)Golden Eagle Illustration white background.jpg





Strigiformes (owls)Cuvier-12-Hibou à huppe courte.jpg


Coraciimorphae

Coliiformes (mousebirds)


Eucavitaves

Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller)


Cavitaves

Trogoniformes (trogons)Harpactes fasciatus 1838 white background.jpg


Picocoraciae

Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes)A monograph of the Bucerotidæ, or family of the hornbills (Plate II) (white background).jpgBritish birds in their haunts ((1922)) (Upupa epops).jpg




Coraciformes (kingfishers etc.)Cuvier-46-Martin-pêcheur d'Europe.jpg



Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans etc.)Atlante ornitologico (Tav. 26) (picchio verde).jpgCuvier-54-Toucan à carène.jpg









Australaves

Cariamiformes (seriemas, terror birds etc)Cariama cristata 1838 white background.jpgLlallawavis scagliai.jpg


Eufalconimorphae

Falconiformes (falcons)NewZealandFalconBuller white background.jpg


Psittacopasserae

Psittaciformes (parrots)Pyrrhura lucianii - Castelnau 2.jpg



Passeriformes (songbirds and今)Cuvier-33-Moineau domestique.jpgPlanches enluminées d'histoire naturelle (1765) Corvus corone.jpg













分佈 (Hun-pò͘)[修改]

鳥類生活 (seng-oa̍h) ()大部分 (tōa-pō͘-hūn)陸地 (lio̍k-tē) () (chhit)大陸 (tāi-lio̍k) (lóng)存在 (chûn-chāi), siâng倚南爿 (lâm-pêng)種類 (chéng-lūi)南格州 (Lâm-kek-chiu) (hióng)內陸 (lōe-lio̍k)440公里 (kong-lí)族群 (cho̍k-kûn)Pagodroma nivea.[6] 熱代 (Jia̍t-tāi)所在 (só͘-chāi)是鳥類的多樣性 (to-iūⁿ-sèng) (biodiversity) (siāng)發達 (hoat-ta̍t)地區 (tē-khu)

解破學 (Kái-phò-ha̍k)[修改]

鳥的軍格 (kun-keh)組成 (cho͘-sêng) (chin) (khin)的骨頭,內面 (hâm)下董 (ē-táng) (ji̍p)空氣 (khong-khì),佮呼吸 (ho͘-khip)系統 (hē-thóng) (sio) (chiap)空縫 (khang-phāng).[7]

參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

  1. Gauthier, J., and de Queiroz, K。 (2001)。 "Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves." Pp. 7–41 (in)New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H。 Ostrom (J。 A。 Gauthier and L。 F。 Gall, eds.)。 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.
  2. Sibley, Charles; Jon Edward Ahlquist (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04085-7. 
  3. Mayr, Ernst; Short, Lester L. (1970). Species Taxa of North American Birds: A Contribution to Comparative Systematics. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, no. 9. Cambridge, Mass.: Nuttall Ornithological Club. OCLC 517185. 
  4. Jarvis, E.D。; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904Freely accessible. PMID 25504713. 
  5. Yuri, T.; et al. (2013). "Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals". Biology. 2 (1): 419–444. doi:10.3390/biology2010419. 
  6. Brooke, Michael (2004). Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0. 
  7. Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin; Darryl Wheye (1988). "Adaptations for Flight". Birds of Stanford. Stanford University. 13 December 2007 khòaⁿ--ê.  Based on The Birder's Handbook (Paul Ehrlich, David Dobkin, and Darryl Wheye. 1988. Simon and Schuster, New York.)

Ting

(Hun), Lee., Wassem, A。 Wani., & Eddie,

(Tan)

(Ti)Tjih (2015) Cách ăn tổ Yến Sào