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| 創始時間 | 1871 年 11月 17日 |
|---|---|
| 創始人 |
William Conant Church George Wood Wingate |
| 類型 | 501(c)(4)[1] |
| 53-0116130 | |
| 自招 |
Gun politics Gun rights |
| 地點 | |
服務區域 | Bíkok |
| 服務 |
Pang-bô͘:Ill 會員組織 雜誌出版商 教育/認證 |
| 方法 |
Pang-bô͘:Ill Pang-bô͘:Ill Pang-bô͘:Ill計畫 |
會員 | 彰近5.5百萬 (自我報告)[lower-alpha 1][2] |
主要人物 |
Charles L。 Cotton (President) Wayne LaPierre (CEO和執行副總裁) |
| 分支機構 |
NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund NRA Foundation NRA Special Contribution Fund NRA Freedom Action Foundation NRA Institute for Legislative Action NRA Political Victory Fund |
收入 (2018) | $412,233,508[2] |
| 開之 (2018) | $423,034,158[2] |
| 網站 |
NRA |
NRA
註釋 [修改]
- ↑ Estimates range from 3.4多6 million see membership
- ↑ Moregun rights sources:
- Carter, Greg Lee (2006). Gun Control in the United States: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851097609.
Almost all of [the groups listed] are readily classifiable as either advocating a 'gun control' or a 'gun rights' position.
- Knox, Neal (2009). Knox, Christopher, pian. Neal Knox: The Gun Rights War. MacFarlane Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0976863304.
One of the few advantages—possibly the only advantage—that supporters of gun rights hold is the fact that there are more one-issue voters on the pro-gun side than on the anti-gun side.
- Patterson, Samuel C。; Eakins, Keith R。 (1998). "Congress and Gun Control". Chū Bruce, John M。; Wilcox, Clyde. The Changing Politics of Gun Control. Lanham， MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0847686155. OCLC 833118449. April 8， 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
During the gun control legislation battles of the 1960s， the NRA， although it had no registered lobbyists， was the most powerful gun rights organization。 It still enjoys this distinction， although it has undergone significant change.
- Utter, Glenn H。 (2011). Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights. Grey House. ISBN 978-1592376728.
- Wellford, Charles F; Pepper, John V; Petrie, Carol V, pian. (2013) [Print ed。 2005]. Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review (Electronic pán.). Washington， D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 283. doi:10.17226/10881. ISBN 978-0309546409.
Another commentator pointed out， however， that a significant number of the articles supporting the individual right model published between 1970 and 1989 were written by lawyers who had either been employed by or who represented gun rights organizations， including the NRA.
Founded怹1871， the group has informed its members about firearm-related legislation since 1934， and it has directly lobbied for and against firearms legislation since 1975。
- Carter, Greg Lee (2006). Gun Control in the United States: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN 978-1851097609.
註解 [修改]
- ↑ "National Rifle Association". ProPublica. (英語)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gutowski, Stephen (May 30， 2019). "NRA Membership Dues， Contributions Rebounded怹2018". The Washington Free Beacon. (英語)
- ↑ Korte, Gregory (May 4， 2013). "Post-Newtown， NRA membership surges都5 million". USA Today. (英語)
- ↑ Carter, Gregg Lee, pian. (2012). "National Rifle Association (NRA)". Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History， Politics， Culture， and the Law. Santa Barbara， CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–20. ISBN 978-0313386701. June 6， 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.
The National Rifle Association (NRA) is the nation's largest， oldest， and most politically powerful interest group that opposes gun laws and favors gun rights.
(英語)
Ên伸 閱獨 [修改]
師積 [修改]
- Anderson, Jack (1996). Inside the NRA: Armed and Dangerous: An Exposé. Beverly Hills， CA: Dove. p. 180. ISBN 978-0787106775. OCLC 34235436.(英語)
- Davidson, Osha Gray (1998). Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control. University of Iowa Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-0877456469.(英語)
- Feldman, Richard (2011). Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118130995. (英語)
- LaPierre, Wayne R。 (1994). Guns， Crime， and Freedom. Regnery. ISBN 978-0895264770. OCLC 246629786.(英語)
- Melzer, Scott (2009). Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War. New York University Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0814795972.(英語)
- Patrick, Brian Anse (2002). The National Rifle Association and the Media: The Motivating Force of Negative Coverage. New York: Peter郎. ISBN 978-0820451220. OCLC 316870710.(英語)
- Raymond, Emilie (2006). From My Cold， Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics. ISBN 978-0813124087. OCLC 77125677.(英語)
- Smyth, Frank (March 31， 2020). The NRA: the Unauthorized History (ēng Eng-gí) (First pán.). New York: Flatiron Books. ISBN 978-1250210296. goân-loē-iông tī November 8， 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. December 5， 2020 khòaⁿ--ê. (英語)
- Sugarmann, Josh (1992). National Rifle Association: Money， Firepower， and Fear. Washington， D.C。: Violence Policy Center. p. 258. ISBN 978-1451500226. OCLC 773292764. (英語)
- Trefethen, James B。; Serven, James E。 (1967). Americans and Their Guns: The National Rifle Association Story Through Nearly a Century of Service都the Nation. Harrisburg， PA: Stackpole Books. p. 320. OCLC 1361329.(英語)
- Winkler, Adam (2011). Gunfight: The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America. W。 W。 Norton & Company. p. 361. ISBN 978-0393082296.(英語)
雜誌 文 tsiuñ[修改]
- Lacombe, Matthew J。 (2019). "The Political Weaponization of Gun Owners: The National Rifle Association's Cultivation， Dissemination， and Use of a Group Social Identity". The Journal of Politics. 81 (4): 1342–56. doi:10.1086/704329. (英語)
新聞 [修改]
- Cizzilla, Chris (December 18， 2012). "The NRA's big spending edge – 怹1 chart". The Washington Post (blog). June 5， 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.(英語)
- Fox, Lauren (May 7， 2014). "Locked and Loaded: How the NRA Aims to Endure". U.S。 News & World Report. May 31， 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.(英語)
- Smith, Rich (February 17， 2014). "The NRA Reveals Who's to Blame for Ammo Shortage: You". The Motley Fool. June 5， 2014 khòaⁿ--ê.(英語)
參閱 [修改]
- Pang-bô͘:Ill
航空 e̋n-jín (航空e̋n-jín，航空發動機 ;英語 : Aircraft engine;漢語 : 航空發動機)實牙 (植牙 ; 英語: dental implant， endosseous implant， fixture; 漢語: 植牙)牙雖 病 學 (牙水 pēñ學; 英語: endodontics; 漢語: 牙髓病學)- USS Rafael Peralta (USS Rafael Peralta (DDG-115))
外部 連結 [修改]
- "Lobbyist profile". OpenSecrets.org. (英語)
- National Rifle Association Of America - ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer。
- "Official NRA website". (英語)