Pe̍h-ōe

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"白話 (Pe̍h-ōe)" (ê)其他 (kî-tha)意思 (ì-sù) (khòaⁿ)白話 (區別易 (khu-pia̍t-ia̍h)).
The oldest known vernacular manuscript in Scanian (Danish, c。 1250)。 It deals with Scanian and Scanian Ecclesiastical Law
An allegory of rhetoric and arithmetic, Trinci Palace, Foligno, Italy, by Gentile da Fabriano, who lived in the era of Italian language standardization。

白話 (英語 (Eng-gí): vernacular language), (ia̍h) () (kóng)鄉談 (hiong-tâm)[1] ( (hiuⁿ)),有時 (ū-sî)方言 (hong-giân),是講一个 (chi̍t-ê)族群 (cho̍k-kûn)地方 (tē-hng)在來 (chāi-lâi)言語 (giân-gí)或者 (he̍k-chiá)腔口 (khiuⁿ-kháu)尤其 (iû-kî)是m̄是傳統上 (thoân-thóng-siōng)寫作 (siá-chok)文學 (bûn-ha̍k) (tòng) (chò)國家 (kok-ka)標準語 (piau-chún-gí) (ōe)

早期 (Chá-kî)的白話文法 (bûn-hoat)[修改]

1437 () (kàu)1586年 (kan)歐洲 (Au-chiu)出現 (chhut-hiān)Italia ()西班牙語 (Se-pan-gâ-gí)法語 (Hoat-gí)荷蘭語 (Hô-lân-gí)德語 (Tek-gí) (kap)英語的文法記錄 (kì-lio̍k) (Che) (chia)白話後來 (āu--lâi) (kúi) (pah) (tang)過程 (kòe-têng)標準化 (piau-chún-hòa)基礎 (ki-chhó͘) (chi) (it)

早期的白話辭典 (sû-tián)[修改]

詞典 (Sû-tián) (dictionary) 佮語彙集 (gú-lūi-chi̍p) (glossary) 是 () (sio)siâng。裝是 (Chong-sī)真濟 (chin-chē)語彙集 (chin) (chá) (to̍h) (ū)比論 (pí-lūn)Seville的Isidore (chhut)Etymologiae開裂 (khai-lia̍t) (chē)西班牙語的單字 (tan-jī)

荷蘭語[修改]

荷蘭語的語彙集 ()差不多 (chha-put-to)1470年的時陣 (sî-chūn)出現,綴尾 (tè-bé)佇16世紀 (sè-kì)發展 (hoat-tián)出2 (pún)荷蘭語詞典:[2]

  • Christophe Plantin: Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae, 1573
  • Cornelis Kiliaan: Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum, 1574 (佇1599年的 ()3 (pán) (piàn)Etymologicum)

參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

  1. Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931). "鄉談". Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten 臺日大辭典 [台日大辭典] (ēng Ji̍t-pún-gí). 
  2. Brachin 1985, p. 15

參考 (Tsham-khó)文獻 (bûn-hiàn)[修改]

  • Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". Chū Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J。. Standard English: the widening debate. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9. 
  • Brachin, Pierre (1985). The Dutch language: a survey. Leiden: E.J。 Brill. 
  • Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893). History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down都the Present Day. New York: Macmillan and Co。. 
  • DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". Chū Liⁿ, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola. Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages. Amsterdam; Philadelphis: John Benjamins Publishing Co。. pp. 99–116. 
  • Diez, Friedrich (1863). Introduction都the grammar of the Romance languages. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate. 
  • Dons, Ute (2004). Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars. Topics in English Linguistics. 47. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 
  • Fasold, Ralph W。 (1984). The sociolinguistics of society. 1. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B。 Blackwell. 
  • Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages". Ethnomusicology. XXVIII (1): 75–89. doi:10.2307/851432. JSTOR 851432. 
  • Lodge, R。 Anthony (2005). A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Mesthrie, Rajend (1999). Introducing sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 
  • Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". Chū Auroux, Sylvain. History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings都the present. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd。 18. 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900. 
  • Wells, C。 J。 (1985). German, a linguistic history都1945. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 
  • Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B。 Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". Chū Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R。 M。 T。. Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik (ēng Ìn-nî-gí). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. ISBN 978-9792216813. OCLC 156874430. 
  • Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002). Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States. FrancoAngeli. ISBN 9788846439123. 

相關 (Siong-koan)[修改]

外部 (Guā-pōo)連結 (liân-kiat)[修改]

Wiktionary
Pe̍h-ōe 這个詞.