Ketamin

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Ketamin
(S)-Ketamine ball-and-stick model
Clinical data
Trade names Ketalar， others
Synonyms CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2[7]
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
data
Pregnancy
category
Addiction
liability		 Low–moderate[1]
                                                      
Routes of
administration		 Any[3][4][5][6]
Drug class NMDA receptor antagonists; General anesthetics; Dissociative hallucinogens; Analgesics; Antidepressants
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S8 (Controlled)
  • BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances)
  • CA: Schedule伊
  • DE: Unscheduled
  • UK: Class B
  • US: Schedule III
  • UN: Unscheduled
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability
  • Intravenous: 100%[5]
  • Intramuscular: 93%[5]
  • Epidural: 77%[10]
  • Intranasal: 45–50%[5][11]
  • Sublingual: 24–30%[5][12]
  • Rectal: 25–30%[11]
  • By mouth: 16–20%[5][11]
    • Protein binding 23多47%.[13]
    Metabolism

    Liver，intestine (oral):[5][8][9]

    Metabolites
  • Norketamine
  • Dehydronorketamine
  • Hydroxynorketamine
    • Onset of action
  • Intravenous: seconds[14]
  • Intramuscular: 1–5 min[14][15]
  • Subcutaneous: 15–30 min[15]
  • Insufflation: 5–10 min[14]
  • By mouth: 15–30 min[14][15]
    • Elimination half-life
  • Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours[14][5]
  • Norketamine: 12 hours[15]
    • Duration of action
  • Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours[15]
  • Insufflation: 45–60 min[14]
  • By mouth: 1–6+ hours[14][15]
    • Excretion
  • Urine: 91%[16]
  • Feces: 3%[16]
    • Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    IUPHAR/BPS
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    Chemical and physical data
    Formula C13H16ClNO
    Molar mass 237.73 g͘mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    Chirality

    Racemic mixture:[14]

    Melting point [convert: invalid number]
      (verify)

    Ketamin ("Ke-tá-mín" 英語 (Eng-gí): ketamine)，嘛 (mā)俗稱 (sio̍k-chheng) "K"， "溪仔 (khe-á)"，詩 (si)一 (chi̍t)款 (khoán)麻藥 (bâ-io̍h)。佇 (Tī)藥理學 (io̍h-lí-ha̍k)上 (siōng)， ketamin是 (sī)NMDA受體 (siū-thé)的 (ê)結抗劑 (kiat-khòng-che) (antagonist)。這 (Chit)款麻藥的副作用 (hù-chok-iōng)有 (ū)致力 (tì-le̍k)減退 (kiám-thè)，嘔吐 (áu-thò͘)，影響 (éng-hióng)呼吸 (ho͘-khip)佮 (kap)消化 (siau-hoà)等等 (téng-téng)。

    效果 (Hāu-kó)[修改]

    Ketamin會 (ē)予 (hō͘)食用者 (si̍t-ēng-chiá)產生 (sán-seng)改而感 (kái-lî-kám) (sense of dissocliation)，chiō是自我 (chū-ngó͘)對 (tùi)身體 (sin-thé)脫離 (thoat-lî)的感覺 (kám-kak)。另外 (Lēng-gōa)閣 (koh)有造成 (chō-sêng)記憶 (kì-ek)喪失 (sòng-sit) (amnesia) 的影響，兼 (kiam)視覺性 (sī-kak-sèng)的換角 (hoān-kak) (hallucination).[18]

    利用 (Lī-iōng)方式 (hong-sek)[修改]

    食 (Chia̍h)ketamin的人 (lâng)使用 (sú-iōng)本 (pún)藥 (io̍h)的方式有包括 (pau-koat)食分 (chia̍h-hun)的時 (sî)透 (thàu)很 (hún)佇分支 (hun-ki)抑 (ia̍h)大麻 (tōa-bâ)內面 (lāi-bīn); 用 (ēng)篇仔 (phiⁿ-á)給 (khip)粉 (hún); 佮lā佇液體 (e̍k-thé)內 (lāi)注射 (chù-siā)等 (téng)款。過量 (Kòe-liōng)的使用會產生若 (ná)麻醉 (bâ-chùi)款的知覺 (ti-kak)減退.[18]

    參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

    1. ↑ Malenka RC， Nestler EJ， Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Chū Sydor A， Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pán.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs..。 their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse  Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    2. ↑ "Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 22 November 2019. goân-loē-iông tī 26 June 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 18 May 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    3. ↑ Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA (June 2017). "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (9): CD003351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMC 6481583 Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28657160. 
    4. ↑ Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician. 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431. 
    5. ↑ 移至： 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Mathew SJ， Zarate Jr CA (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10， 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    6. ↑ Brayfield A, pian. (9 January 2017). "Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference". MedicinesComplete. London， UK: Pharmaceutical Press. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2021 hőng khó͘-pih. 24 August 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    7. ↑ Morton IK， Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. goân-loē-iông tī 11 April 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    8. ↑ Hijazi Y, Boulieu R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
    9. ↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid27763887
    10. ↑ Kintz P (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    11. ↑ 移至： 11.0 11.1 11.2 Marland S， Ellerton J， Andolfatto G， Strapazzon G， Thomassen O， Brandner B， Weatherall A， Paal P (June 2013). "Ketamine: use in anesthesia". CNS Neurosci Ther. 19 (6): 381–9. doi:10.1111/cns.12072. PMC 6493613 Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 23521979.  Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    12. ↑ Hashimoto K (October 2019). "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine， its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (10): 613–627. doi:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMC 6851782 Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31215725. 
    13. ↑ Dayton PG， Stiller RL， Cook DR， Perel JM (1983). "The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: emphasis on human plasma". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 24 (6): 825–31. doi:10.1007/BF00607095. PMID 6884418.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    14. ↑ 移至： 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Sinner B， Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". Chū Schüttler J， Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098.  Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
    15. ↑ 移至： 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Quibell2011
    16. ↑ 移至： 16.0 16.1 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid4603048
    17. ↑ Sass W, Fusari S (1977). "Ketamine". Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, volume 6. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. 6. Academic Press. pp. 297–322. doi:10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60347-0. ISBN 9780122608063. goân-loē-iông tī 8 February 2023 hőng khó͘-pih. 30 November 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
    18. ↑ 移至： 18.0 18.1 Amaranth Illuminare & Deborah S。 Romaine, pian. (2007). "ketamine". The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine. Volume 4. Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-6063-0. 
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