Ketamin

**Ketamin**
Clinical data
Trade names	Ketalar， others
Synonyms	CI-581; CL-369; CM-52372-2
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
data	US DailyMed: Ketamine; US FDA: Ketamine;
Pregnancy; category	AU: B3 ; ;
Addiction; liability	Low–moderate;
Routes of; administration	Any
Drug class	NMDA receptor antagonists; General anesthetics; Dissociative hallucinogens; Analgesics; Antidepressants
ATC code	N01AX03 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S8 (Controlled) ; BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances) ; CA: Schedule伊 ; DE: Unscheduled ; UK: Class B ; US: Schedule III ; UN: Unscheduled ; In general: ℞ (Prescription only);
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Intravenous: 100%; Intramuscular: 93%; Epidural: 77%; Intranasal: 45–50%; Sublingual: 24–30%; Rectal: 25–30%; By mouth: 16–20%;
Protein binding	23多47%.
Metabolism	Liver，intestine (oral): Major: CYP3A4，CYP2B6;
Metabolites	Norketamine; Dehydronorketamine; Hydroxynorketamine;
Onset of action	Intravenous: seconds; Intramuscular: 1–5 min; Subcutaneous: 15–30 min; Insufflation: 5–10 min; By mouth: 15–30 min;
Elimination half-life	Ketamine: 2.5–3 hours; Norketamine: 12 hours;
Duration of action	Intramuscular: 0.5–2 hours; Insufflation: 45–60 min; By mouth: 1–6+ hours;
Excretion	Urine: 91%; Feces: 3%;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (RS)-2-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone;
CAS Number	6740-88-1 33643-46-8 (esketamine); 33643-49-1 (arketamine); ; HCl: 1867-66-9 ;
PubChem CID	3821;
IUPHAR/BPS	4233;
DrugBank	DB01221 ;
ChemSpider	3689 ;
UNII	690G0D6V8H;
KEGG	D08098 ; HCl: D00711 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:6121 ;
ChEMBL	CHEMBL742 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C13H16ClNO
Molar mass	237.73 g͘mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Chirality	Racemic mixture: Esketamine (S(+)-isomer); Arketamine (R(−)-isomer);
Melting point	[convert: invalid number]
	SMILES Clc1ccccc1C2(NC)CCCCC2=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C13H16ClNO/c1-15-13(9-5-4-8-12(13)16)10-6-2-3-7-11(10)14/h2-3,6-7,15H,4-5,8-9H2,1H3 ; Key:YQEZLKZALYSWHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
(verify)

Ketamin ("Ke-tá-mín" 英語 (Eng-gí): ketamine)，嘛 (mā)俗稱 (sio̍k-chheng) "K"， "溪仔 (khe-á)"，詩 (si)一 (chi̍t)款 (khoán)麻藥 (bâ-io̍h)。佇 (Tī)藥理學 (io̍h-lí-ha̍k)上 (siōng)， ketamin是 (sī)NMDA受體 (siū-thé)的 (ê)結抗劑 (kiat-khòng-che) (antagonist)。這 (Chit)款麻藥的副作用 (hù-chok-iōng)有 (ū)致力 (tì-le̍k)減退 (kiám-thè)，嘔吐 (áu-thò͘)，影響 (éng-hióng)呼吸 (ho͘-khip)佮 (kap)消化 (siau-hoà)等等 (téng-téng)。

效果 (Hāu-kó)[修改]

Ketamin會 (ē)予 (hō͘)食用者 (si̍t-ēng-chiá)產生 (sán-seng)改而感 (kái-lî-kám) (sense of dissocliation)，chiō是自我 (chū-ngó͘)對 (tùi)身體 (sin-thé)脫離 (thoat-lî)的感覺 (kám-kak)。另外 (Lēng-gōa)閣 (koh)有造成 (chō-sêng)記憶 (kì-ek)喪失 (sòng-sit) (amnesia) 的影響，兼 (kiam)視覺性 (sī-kak-sèng)的換角 (hoān-kak) (hallucination).^[18]

利用 (Lī-iōng)方式 (hong-sek)[修改]

食 (Chia̍h)ketamin的人 (lâng)使用 (sú-iōng)本 (pún)藥 (io̍h)的方式有包括 (pau-koat)食分 (chia̍h-hun)的時 (sî)透 (thàu)很 (hún)佇分支 (hun-ki)抑 (ia̍h)大麻 (tōa-bâ)內面 (lāi-bīn); 用 (ēng)篇仔 (phiⁿ-á)給 (khip)粉 (hún); 佮lā佇液體 (e̍k-thé)內 (lāi)注射 (chù-siā)等 (téng)款。過量 (Kòe-liōng)的使用會產生若 (ná)麻醉 (bâ-chùi)款的知覺 (ti-kak)減退.^[18]

參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

↑ Malenka RC， Nestler EJ， Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Chū Sydor A， Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pán.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs..。 their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ "Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 22 November 2019. goân-loē-iông tī 26 June 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 18 May 2020 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA (June 2017). "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (9): CD003351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMC 6481583  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28657160.
↑ Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician. 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Mathew SJ， Zarate Jr CA (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10， 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ Brayfield A, pian. (9 January 2017). "Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference". MedicinesComplete. London， UK: Pharmaceutical Press. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2021 hőng khó͘-pih. 24 August 2017 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Morton IK， Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. goân-loē-iông tī 11 April 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ Hijazi Y, Boulieu R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
↑ Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid27763887
↑ Kintz P (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Marland S， Ellerton J， Andolfatto G， Strapazzon G， Thomassen O， Brandner B， Weatherall A， Paal P (June 2013). "Ketamine: use in anesthesia". CNS Neurosci Ther. 19 (6): 381–9. doi:10.1111/cns.12072. PMC 6493613  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 23521979. Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ Hashimoto K (October 2019). "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine， its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (10): 613–627. doi:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMC 6851782  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31215725.
↑ Dayton PG， Stiller RL， Cook DR， Perel JM (1983). "The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: emphasis on human plasma". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 24 (6): 825–31. doi:10.1007/BF00607095. PMID 6884418. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 ^14.6 ^14.7 Sinner B， Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". Chū Schüttler J， Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098. Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Quibell2011
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid4603048
↑ Sass W, Fusari S (1977). "Ketamine". Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, volume 6. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. 6. Academic Press. pp. 297–322. doi:10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60347-0. ISBN 9780122608063. goân-loē-iông tī 8 February 2023 hőng khó͘-pih. 30 November 2020 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Amaranth Illuminare & Deborah S。 Romaine, pian. (2007). "ketamine". The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine. Volume 4. Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-6063-0.

Pún 文章 sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia.

[NHM-PCP_and_ketamine-1] Malenka RC， Nestler EJ， Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". Chū Sydor A， Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd pán.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. Phencyclidine (PCP or angel dust) and ketamine (also known as special K) are structurally related drugs..。 their reinforcing properties and risks related to compulsive abuse Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[Drugs.com_pregnancy-2] "Ketamine (Ketalar) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 22 November 2019. goân-loē-iông tī 26 June 2020 hőng khó͘-pih. 18 May 2020 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[3] Bell RF, Eccleston C, Kalso EA (June 2017). "Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (9): CD003351. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003351.pub3. PMC 6481583  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 28657160.

[4] Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy Pain". Pain Physician. 20 (3): 173–184. PMID 28339431.

[MathewZarate2016-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 Mathew SJ， Zarate Jr CA (25 November 2016). Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The First Decade of Progress. Springer. pp. 8–10， 14–22. ISBN 978-3-319-42925-0. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[MD-6] Brayfield A, pian. (9 January 2017). "Ketamine Hydrochloride: Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference". MedicinesComplete. London， UK: Pharmaceutical Press. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2021 hőng khó͘-pih. 24 August 2017 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[MortonHall2012-7] Morton IK， Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1. goân-loē-iông tī 11 April 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[8] Hijazi Y, Boulieu R (July 2002). "Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 30 (7): 853–8. doi:10.1124/dmd.30.7.853. PMID 12065445. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

[pmid27763887-9] Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid27763887

[Kintz2014-10] Kintz P (22 March 2014). Toxicological Aspects of Drug-Facilitated Crimes. Elsevier Science. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-0-12-416969-2. goân-loē-iông tī 8 September 2017 hőng khó͘-pih. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[pmid23521979-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Marland S， Ellerton J， Andolfatto G， Strapazzon G， Thomassen O， Brandner B， Weatherall A， Paal P (June 2013). "Ketamine: use in anesthesia". CNS Neurosci Ther. 19 (6): 381–9. doi:10.1111/cns.12072. PMC 6493613  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 23521979. Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[Hashimoto2019-12] Hashimoto K (October 2019). "Rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine， its metabolites and other candidates: A historical overview and future perspective". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 73 (10): 613–627. doi:10.1111/pcn.12902. PMC 6851782  Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31215725.

[pmid6884418-13] Dayton PG， Stiller RL， Cook DR， Perel JM (1983). "The binding of ketamine to plasma proteins: emphasis on human plasma". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 24 (6): 825–31. doi:10.1007/BF00607095. PMID 6884418. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help); Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[sinner-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 ^14.3 ^14.4 ^14.5 ^14.6 ^14.7 Sinner B， Graf BM (2008). "Ketamine". Chū Schüttler J， Schwilden H. Modern Anesthetics. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 182. pp. 313–33. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_15. ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9. PMID 18175098. Vancouver style error: non-Latin character (help)

[Quibell2011-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī Quibell2011

[pmid4603048-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Ín-iōng chhò-gō͘: Bû-hāu ê <ref> tag; chhōe bô chí-miâ ê ref bûn-jī pmid4603048

[17] Sass W, Fusari S (1977). "Ketamine". Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, volume 6. Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances. 6. Academic Press. pp. 297–322. doi:10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60347-0. ISBN 9780122608063. goân-loē-iông tī 8 February 2023 hőng khó͘-pih. 30 November 2020 khòaⁿ--ê. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[FactsOnFile2007-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Amaranth Illuminare & Deborah S。 Romaine, pian. (2007). "ketamine". The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine. Volume 4. Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-6063-0.

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Ketamin

效果 (Hāu-kó)[修改]

利用 (Lī-iōng)方式 (hong-sek)[修改]

參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

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