Thòaⁿ-sò͘

**炭數, ₆C**
	; Graphite (left) and diamond (right)， the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
	; Spectral lines of carbon
基本性質
名，符號	炭數，C
英文	carbon
糖素體	graphite， diamond
外型	graphite: black; diamond: clear
炭數佇週期表內的位置
	硼素 ← 炭數 → 窒素
原子番	6
原子量	12.011 (12.0096–12.0116)
元素類別	多原子妃金屬; sometimes considered ametalloid
族，分區	14 族, p 區
週期	地 2 週期
電子排列	[彼] 2s2 2p2
per shell	2， 4
物理性質
相	固體
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
密度 (室溫)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g͘cm−3 ; graphite: 2.267 g͘cm−3 ; diamond: 3.515 g͘cm−3
三相點	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
熔化熱	graphite: 117 kJ͘mol−1
熱容量	graphite: 8.517 J͘mol−1͘K−1 ; diamond: 6.155 J͘mol−1͘K−1
原子性質
孫華素	+4， +3, +2， +1, 0，−1，−2，−3，−4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
電父度	Pauling scale: 2.55
電離能	1st: 1086.5 kJ͘mol−1 ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ͘mol−1 ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ͘mol−1 ; (more)
共價半徑	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals半徑	170 pm
十六
晶thé構造	graphite: simple hexagonal ; (black)
晶thé構造	diamond cubic
聲速 (稅棍仔)	diamond: 18,350 m͘s−1 (at 20 °C)
熱膨脹	diamond: 0.8 µm͘m−1͘K−1 (at 25 °C)
熱傳導率	graphite: 119–165 W͘m−1͘K−1 ; diamond: 900–2300 W͘m−1͘K−1
電阻率	graphite: 7.837 µΩ͘m
磁性	diamagnetic
Young係數	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear係數	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk係數	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson比	diamond: 0.1
Mohs硬度	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS登記編號	7440-44-0
歷史
發現	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
最穩定的同位素
	主文章: 炭數的同位素

炭素 (Thoàⁿ-sò͘) (炭素)^[14] 是 (sī)化學 (hoà-ha̍k)符號 (hû-hō)C，原子番 (goân-chú-hoan)6，的 (ê)1種 (chióng)化學元素 (goân-sò͘)。炭素是1種非金屬 (hui-kim-sio̍k) (nonmetal)，有 (ū)4个 (ê)原子計 (goân-chú-kè) (valency) 的元素，伊 (i)有真 (chin)濟 (chē)同素體 (tông-sò͘-thé) (allotropy)，比論 (pí-lūn)講 (kóng)渲石 (soān-chio̍h)或者 (he̍k-chiá)是石墨 (chio̍h-ba̍k)。

炭素嘛 (mā)是組成 (cho͘-sêng)有機物 (iú-ki-bu̍t)的主要 (chú-iàu)成分 (sêng-hun)，是構造 (kò͘-chō)出 (chhut)地球 (tē-kiû)等 (téng)生物 (seng-bu̍t)的基本 (ki-pún)元素。

化合物 (Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t)[修改]

有機 (Iú-ki)化合物[修改]

炭素 (Thòaⁿ-sò͘)通 (thang)經過 (keng-kòe)相接 (sio-chiap)的炭素–炭素結合 (kiat-ha̍p)，成 (chiâⁿ)做 (chò)特別 (te̍k-pia̍t)長 (tn̂g)練 (liān)，這个 (chit-ê)性質 (sèng-chit)嘛號 (hō)做成練 (chiâⁿ-liān) (catenation)。

有機化合物內面 (lāi-bīn)上 (siāng)單純 (tan-sûn)的是碳化 (thòaⁿ-hòa)水素 (chúi-sò͘) (hydrocarbon)。這 (Che)是一 (chi̍t)類 (lūi)有機分子 (hun-chú)，和 (hâm)水素佮 (kap)一年仔 (liân-á)的炭素原子 (goân-chú)。聯仔 (Liân-á)的腸肚 (tn̂g-tō͘)佮作用車 (chok-iōng-ki) (functional group) 通影響 (éng-hióng)分子的性質。

參考 (Chham-khó)[修改]

↑ Conventional Atomic Weights 2013。Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Standard Atomic Weights 2013。Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
↑ Lide， D。 R。, pian. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland， D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy， A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond， Ioffe Institute Database
↑ https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm
↑ Magnetic susceptibility oftheelements and inorganic compounds, 怹Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. 2007-11-24 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931). "炭素". Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten 臺日大辭典 [台日大辭典] (ēng Ji̍t-pún-gí).

Pún 文章 sī chi̍t phiⁿ phí-á-kiáⁿ. Lí thang tàu khok-chhiong lâi pang-chō͘ Wikipedia.

[CIAAW-1] Conventional Atomic Weights 2013。Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[IUPAC-2] Standard Atomic Weights 2013。Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights

[CRC-3] Lide， D。 R。, pian. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-4] Haaland， D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-5] Savvatimskiy， A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[6] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[7] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[8] "Carbon: Binary compounds". 2007-12-06 khòaⁿ--ê.

[ioffe-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond， Ioffe Institute Database

[10] ttps://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm

[11] Magnetic susceptibility oftheelements and inorganic compounds, 怹Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[12] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. 2008-09-12 khòaⁿ--ê.

[13] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. 2007-11-24 khòaⁿ--ê.

[14] Ogawa Naoyosi, pian. (1931). "炭素". Tai-Nichi Dai Jiten 臺日大辭典 [台日大辭典] (ēng Ji̍t-pún-gí).

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Thòaⁿ-sò͘

化合物 (Hòa-ha̍p-bu̍t)[修改]

有機 (Iú-ki)化合物[修改]

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